Category: Biology Second Paper

People become dwarfs if they do not secrete adequate amount of growth hormone during childhood

1. Dwarfism: People become dwarfs if they do not secrete adequate amount of growth hormone during childhood
2. Gigantism: If an excess amount of growth hormone is secreted during childhood before bone formation, people become gigantic.
3. Gorillaness: When an excess amount of growth hormone is secreted in old age, the bones of the human hand and face grow abnormally and take the shape of a gorilla.
4. Cushing’s syndrome: Excess fat deposits on the face, neck and buttocks due to overactivity of the adrenal cortex. This condition is called Cushing’s syndrome.
5. Cretinism: Cretinism is caused by underactive thyroid gland. In this, the child becomes chubby, slender and strong. The child is delayed in teething, talking and standing. The child’s inertia and stupidity can be seen on the face. Saliva discharge from the mouth and the stomach is enlarged.
6. Myxedema: Lack of thyroxine hormone causes myxedema. This disease causes fatigue and drowsiness. Hair falls out, skin becomes scaly and the face swells. The voice is croaky like a frog.
7. Gout: Excess thyroxine hormone causes gout. Excitement, insomnia, roughness, irritable mood and emotional tendencies occur in this disease.
8. Tetanus: Tetanus occurs due to lack of parathormone. In this disease, muscle contraction occurs rapidly, the wrist and thumb bend.
9. Diabetes: Lack of insulin hormone causes diabetes. In this disease, the amount of glucose in the blood decreases and there is frequent urination. Hunger and thirst increase. The patient becomes weak and exhausted.

1. Digestion: Hormones like gastrin, secretin, cholecystokinin, pancreaginin, villikinin, enterogastrin etc. digest food.
2. Regulation of metabolism: Thyroxine, insulin, glucagon, glucocorticoid etc. hormones regulate sugar metabolism. The hormones testosterone and estrogen regulate protein metabolism.
3. Water balance: Antidiuretic hormone regulates water balance in the body.
4. Maintaining ion balance: Aldosterone hormone maintains the balance of Na+ and K+ ions in the body.
5. Puberty: During puberty, hormones such as testosterone, progesterone, estrogen, andosterone develop sexual characteristics.
6. Protein synthesis: Thyroxine hormone takes part in protein synthesis.
7. Red blood cell production: Erythropoietin hormone is released from the kidneys. It regulates red blood cell production.
8. Immunity: Thymosin hormone makes the body immune to diseases by producing lymphocytes and antibodies.
9. Reproductive Process: Testosterone and estrogen hormones stimulate the production of gonads and sexual intercourse. The hormone progesterone regulates pregnancy.
10. Blood pressure: Hormones like epinephrine, nor-epinephrine, vasopressin etc. increase blood pressure in the body.
11. Childbirth: Oxytocin hormone helps in childbirth by causing contraction of uterine muscles.
Nervous red milky color blood pressure secretion labor
12. Milk secretion: Estrogen, prolactin, growth hormone etc. control the growth and milk secretion of the mammary glands.
13. Transmission of nervous excitement: Adrenaline and norepinephrine hormones help in the transmission of nervous excitement.
14. Control of body color: Adrenocorticotropic hormone regulates body color by controlling the production of melanin.
15. Control of emergency situations: Adrenaline and no-adrenaline hormones cause vasoconstriction to release sweat and protect against emergency situations.
16. Excretion: Aldosterone increases the rate of K excretion and epinephrine decreases urine production.

1. Skeletal growth: Hormones play a role in the growth of cartilage, chondrocytes, osteocytes, osteoblasts, etc.
2. Ion growth: It regulates physical growth by increasing the amount of ions in the body.
3. Enlargement of organs: It increases the size of all the organs of the body except the brain.
4. Abnormal growth: If the hormone is secreted in excess, the person becomes giant and if it is less secreted, the person becomes dwarf.
5. As medicine: Hormones are used as medicine for physical growth of children.
6. Metabolism: Hormones synthesize protein in the body, cause muscle growth, increase glucose and fatty acid levels and prevent body wasting.
7. Production of Red Blood Cells: The hormone stimulates the process of erythropoiesis in red blood cells.
increases the number
8. Milk production: Hormones affect the mammary glands to produce milk. It causes the physical growth of the child.

1. A hormone is a type of biological molecule.
2. It is a protein rich substance.
3. It acts as a biocatalyst.
4. Acts as a chemical messenger in the body.
5. Its action is slow and results are long lasting.
6. It is active at a distance from the place of origin.
7. It is carried through the blood.
8. It is secreted from the endocrine glands.
9. It regulates physical and physiological functions.

The word hormone is derived from the Greek word Hormao meaning to excite. The biochemical substances produced by ductless glands reach various organs through blood and regulate physical and physiological functions are called hormones. British scientists Starling and Bayliss were the first (1905) to use the term hormone. The branch of biology that deals with hormones is called endocrinology.

The alpha (α) cells of the pancreas produce the glucagon hormone and the beta (β) cells produce the insulin hormone. The hormone glucagon increases blood glucose levels and the hormone insulin lowers glucose levels. In this condition, various physical problems arise due to the presence of excess glucose in the blood. It is called diabetes. Many have identified diabetes as the mother of all complex diseases. Diabetes can damage eyes, teeth, liver, heart, kidney, nervous system etc.

The pancreas contains different types of cells. These cell clusters are called islets of Langerhans. It contains alpha cells, beta cells, gamma cells, delta cells, P.P. (pancreatic polypeptide) cells etc. The hormones secreted from this gland are-
(i) Glucagon: Glucagon hormone is secreted from alpha cells. It increases blood glucose levels.
(ii) Somatostatin: Somatostatin hormone is secreted from delta cells. It inhibits gastrin secretion.
(iii) Gastrin: Stimulates the secretion of pepsin, secretin and HCl.
(iv) Insulin: Insulin hormone is secreted from beta cells. It lowers blood glucose levels.

In infants, the thymus gland is located in the mediastinum cavity in front of the trachea. It becomes smaller and eventually disappears with age.
(i) Thymochrysin hormone: This hormone produces antibodies, prevents sexual maturation and childhood diseases.
(ii) Melatokinin hormone: It stimulates melatocyte cells.

It is secreted in the oval gland and diencephalon of the brain. It is an inactive gland in the human body. Melatonin hormone is released from this gland. This hormone causes penis enlargement.