Category: Biology Second Paper

Ovary is the main organ of female reproductive system. Three types of hormones are secreted from the ovaries.
(i) Progesterone: Progesterone hormone is secreted from the corpus luteum.
(ii) Relaxin: Relaxin hormone is secreted from bile glands. It prevents uterine contractions.
(iii) Estrogen: There are three types of estrogen. Estradiol, estrone and estriol. It causes symptoms in women. Increases mammary glands. Body softens the skin.

The main organ of the male reproductive system is the testes. Its number is 2. It is oval. Two types of hormones are secreted from the testicles.
(i) Testosterone: It produces sperm.
(ii) Androsterone: It produces sperm.

Each kidney has a cap-like yellow adrenal gland. Its other name is suprarenal gland. It consists of two parts. Cortex and medulla. Each gland weighs 3-5 grams.
(i) Glucocorticoid hormone: This hormone regulates sugar metabolism.
(ii) Mineralocorticoid hormone: This hormone metabolizes mineral salts.
(iii) Sex corticoid hormone: It causes genital growth and sexual symptoms.
(iv) Adrenaline hormone: This hormone increases heart rate and helps in times of danger.
(v) Nor-adrenaline hormone: It accelerates the metabolism of phosphorus.
(vi) Epinephrine hormone: It releases glucose from glycogen. Controls cardiac and involuntary muscle contractions.
(vii) Nor-epinephrine hormone: It converts excess glucose into glycogen.

On the surface of the thyroid gland there are 2 pairs of very small oval parathyroid glands. It contains two types of cells. Principal cells and oxyphil cells. Its weight is 140 mg. Parathyroid hormone or parathormone parathyrin is released from this gland. It increases calcium levels and decreases phosphate levels in the body. It activates vitamin-D. Vitamin-D deficiency causes rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults.

It regulates metabolism, heart rate, protein synthesis, fetal development, sensitivity etc.

It regulates calcium levels in the body, phosphate metabolism and vitamin-U production.

95% of the hormones released from the thyroid gland are thyroxine hormones. This hormone regulates body metabolism and growth. Helps in the expression of sexual symptoms. Increases heart function. Increases milk production.

The two dark red lumps on either side of the trachea are called thyroid glands. Female thyroid gland is more prominent than male. Its weight is 20-25 grams. Three active hormones are secreted from this gland.
(i) Thyroxine hormone (Thyroxine-T4): 95% of the hormones released from the thyroid gland are thyroxine hormones. This hormone regulates body metabolism and growth. Helps in the expression of sexual symptoms. Increases heart function. Increases milk production.
(ii) Calcitosine: It regulates calcium levels in the body, phosphate metabolism and vitamin-U production.
(iii) Tri-iodothyronine-T3 : It regulates metabolism, heart rate, protein synthesis, fetal development, sensitivity etc.

Gonadrotropic hormone. It helps in growth of genitals.

Vasopressin Hormone. It regulates the amount of water in urine.