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Genome sequencing in agriculture

(i) Enhancement of plant resistance: Food producing plants are enhanced in resistance against harmful insects and pests.
(ii) Quality improvement: Increasing the quantity and quality of cattle meat, milk, eggs.
(iii) Diagnosis of Plant Diseases: Diagnosing and prevention of various plant diseases is being done. Disease diagnosis and prevention of plants like paddy, wheat, sugarcane, bhutra, mango, yam, jackfruit, litchi etc. have been provided.
(iv) Stress resistance: Genes for plant disease resistance, pest resistance and survival in adverse environments are being searched for. E.g. Bt toxin gene CrylAC and saline tolerance gene CPDH 45.
(v) Generation of new traits: Searching for genes with improved traits and successfully using them for improving plant quality.
(vi) Breeding in wild animals: DNA sequencing techniques are being applied in breeding wild animals like tigers, lions, elephants etc.
(vii) Unveiling the life secret of jute: Bangladeshi scientist Dr. Maqsudul Alam and his colleagues have uncovered the secret of jute’s life by sequencing the genome of Tosha jute (Corchorus olitorius). 120 crores of base pairs of jute. The order in which they are arranged is known. As a result, it will be possible to develop fine fiber jute, strong fiber jute like cotton, winter jute, medicinal jute, easily degradable jute, insect repellent jute etc.
(viii) RNAi method: Genome sequencing of Mugdal yellow mosaic virus has been done in Bangladesh. Disease resistant cultivars have been developed using RNAi methods.
(ix) Disease resistant tomato: Genome sequencing of ToLCV virus causing leaf curl disease of tomato has been done. Disease resistant cultivars have been developed using the ToLCV method.

DNA Forensic Genome Sequencing

(i) Paternity determination: Genome sequencing identifies the father or mother of the fetus. A child inherits half of its chromosomes from its parents. So the child’s DNA sequence reveals intermediate characteristics. In this way the paternity of the child can be determined.
(ii) Criminal Identification: Criminals involved in murder or rape can be identified through application of genome sequencing. Blood drops, hair, teeth, nails, semen or semen, body parts, etc. are collected from the crime scene. If the amount of sample obtained is too low, the amount is amplified in the PCR process. The genome sequencing of these samples is compared with the genome sequencing of the suspect. In this way the culprit can be identified.
(iii) Identification of corpses: Mutilated corpses can be identified by genome sequencing.
(iv) Identification of individuals: By examining the genome sequence, an idea about the physical structure, characteristics, color etc. of an individual can be obtained.
(v) Prediction of the child: Genome sequencing by taking samples from the embryo before the child is born can give an idea about the future of the child. The child is tall or short, black or fair, weak or strong, and the mannerisms are perceived.
(vi) Identification of Biodiversity: Genome sequencing is applied to identify the genetic diversity of plants.

Genome sequencing in medicine

(i) Transplantation of Organs: In case of transplantation of heart, lung, kidney, eye etc. from one body to another, it is necessary to know whether there is any adverse effect on donor or recipient. It is determined by DNA sequencing.
(ii) Prevention of side effects of drugs: Drugs cause various side effects in the human body. Genome sequencing can prevent drug side effects.
(iii) Preparation of medicine: In this method medicine can be prepared for specific diseases.
(iv) Gene therapy: Gene therapy can be given through this method. Gene therapy is a modern medical method.
(v) Detection of defective genes: Defective genes are harmful to the organism. In this method the sequenced gene is identified. After this, the sequenced gene is removed.
(vi) Cure of hereditary diseases: Through genome sequencing, causes of hereditary diseases like hemophilia, meiotic dystrophy, fragile X syndrome, neurofibromatosis-II etc. can be known and preventive measures can be taken.
(vii) Advance treatment: In this process the problems of various diseases can be known in advance and early treatment of diseases can be taken.
(viii) Cancer cure: Genome sequencing has successful application in research and treatment of cancer diseases. Genome sequencing is applied in cancer research such as colon cancer, breast cancer, somatic variation detection, transcriptome sequencing, virus tumor detection etc. Various topics of cancer research are being presented to researchers through bioinformatics.
(ix) Disease diagnosis: Genome sequencing is applied in some disease diagnosis. For example, Down’s syndrome.
(x) Treatment in short time: Accurate diagnosis is being made by applying genome sequencing. Extensive research is going on for proper treatment in less time and less cost.
(xi) Diagnosis of immune system: Reasons for susceptibility of people to disease and lack of immunity can be determined.
(xii) Alteration of DNA sequence: Direct application of various X-rays changes the DNA sequence.
(xiii) Control of Dengue: Genome sequencing technology has made control of the Aedes mosquito, the vector of dengue, possible. Researchers at the Oxitech company have created a breed of mosquitoes by altering genes. Their male mosquitoes cannot produce viable offspring. The larvae die soon after hatching. In this way, it has been possible to reduce 90% of mosquitoes in some cities in Brazil.

Location of DNA in cells

1. Body cells: Human body cells contain chromosomes. DNA is located in chromosomes. Human cells have a diploid number of chromosomes.
2. Germ cells: Human germ cells contain haploid chromosomes. Haploid chromosomes contain DNA. Chromosomes in human reproductive cells are called sex chromosomes.
3. Blood: Blood is a liquid connective tissue. DNA test is done by blood test.
4. Semen: Semen of animals contains DNA. DNA is detected from semen.
5. Saliva: Human saliva contains DNA. DNA was identified from saliva.
6. Oral Fluid: Human sneezes, coughs and spit contain DNA. DNA is identified from these fluids.
7. Bone: Bone is a hard connective tissue. This connecting banana contains DNA.
8. Hair: DNA is detected from hair.
9. Fingernails: DNA is detected from fingernails and toenails.

Genome sequencing methods

Two methods of genome sequencing are – Chemical degradation method and Chain termination method. In 1976 A. Maxam I W. Gilbert Chemical degradation method and in 1977 F. Sanger I A.R. Coulsor invented the chain termination method. Genome sequencing process is described as-
1. DNA molecules are divided into 4 test tubes enriched with reagents.
2. Each of the four reactions is separated by gel electrophoresis.
3. Genome sequencing is determined from the location and size of radioactive bands.
4. The results of electrophoresis are analyzed and interpreted using a computer aided X-ray scanner.

Discovery of Genome Sequencing

The German botanist Hans Winkler (Hans Winkler, 1920) first used the term genome. The first complete genome sequencing of MS-2 virus was performed in 1976. In 1977, Dr. F. Sanger pioneered the sequencing of DNA and was the first organism to determine the genome sequence of bacteriophage. In 2020, French scientist Emmanuel Carpenter and American scientist Jennifer A. Doudana was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry. Their technology is called Crisper Case Nile Genetic Scissors.

The specific order of nucleotides in a DNA molecule is called sequence. The process of determining the nucleotide or sequence of DNA is called genome sequencing. Bangladeshi scientist Dr. Maqsudul Alam and his collaborators have unraveled the genome sequencing of Tosha Pat. 12 crores of base pairs of jute. The genome of Paris japonica is the longest in the plant world. It consists of 150 billion base pairs. The genetic information of one of its cells is 328 feet long. Professor Dr. Muhammad Nurul Islam and his colleagues completed genome sequencing of mung bean yellow mosaic virus using RNAi method. The promoter of genome sequencing is Dr. Sanger (Dr. F. Sanger).

What is Genome Sequencing?

A set of chromosomes is called a genome. Human cells have a pair of genomes. Simply put, the collection of genes located in an organism is called the genome. The genome is called the master blue-print of the cell. All genes in the human genome contain about three million base pairs.

DNA Finger Print : Definition, discovery, method and importance

Fingerprints, marks or marks on human hands are called tip signatures or finger prints. Identification of specific bands from highly variable regions of DNA with radioactive probes is called DNA fingerprinting. The complex process by which an individual can be distinguished from other individuals in genetic information by determining the arrangement of deoxyribonucleotides in DNA is called DNA fingerprinting. Due to variations in DNA (ATGC), every person in the world has a different fingerprint. Fingerprints are required for land registry, marriage certificate registry, biometric seam registration, school attendance confirmation, office staff attendance confirmation, any contract etc.

Discovery of DNA finger print

In 1985 scientist Alec Jeffreys discovered the finger printing method. In 1986 this method was adopted separately.

Collection of samples for DNA fingerprinting

Blood cells (WBC), semen, bone marrow, hair follicles, skin, nails, sputum, saliva, body parts etc. are collected as samples. These cells act as a source of DNA fingerprinting. DNA finger printing requires 1 microgram of banana.

DNA finger print method

Making a photographic pattern of an organism’s DNA in the process of gel electrophoresis is called a DNA finger print or DNA profile. DNA is collected and fragments are cut by restriction enzymes. In the gel electrophoresis process, particles are run over a gel layer. The cysts become progressively smaller and accumulate as aligned bands. Photographic patterns or impressions are obtained from the bands. It is called DNA fingerprint.

Importance of DNA Finger Print

Any criminal can be reliably identified through DNA fingerprinting.
DNA finger printing is very effective in identifying murderers, rapists, robbers etc.
Paternity of the child is determined by DNA finger printing.
Relationships between close relatives are determined through DNA fingerprinting.
Genetic databanks and land registries are done with this method.

DNA fingerprinting is better than dermal fingerprinting

Individuals and criminals can be identified by cutaneous fingerprinting or dermatoglyphics. Skin fingerprinting can be changed through plastic surgery. So this method is systematic. But DNA fingerprinting cannot be changed in any way. The DNA fingerprint of any cell, organ or organ in a person’s body is always the same. So DNA finger printing is best in criminal identification.