There are three ocelli or ocelli between the two capitals. Each ocellus is composed of a lens and a cluster of photosensitive cells. Each lens is thick, clear and made up of cuticles. Sensory cells contain pigments. It contains coniagen cells, retinular cells, rhabdomes, pigmented cells and neurons. Grasshoppers sense changes in light intensity with the ocellus. Many people think that a single reflection is formed through this. Dr. Siddiq Publications

On either side of the head there are two pistils (black, convex, large) like acorns and seeds. Each punjakshi consists of numerous polygonal chambers. Each of these is called an ommatidium. Grasshoppers have better vision than any other arthropod. They can identify colors with their eyes.

There are two sensitive antennae on either side of the head in front of the base. It is cylindrical, cylindrical, unbranched and multi-lobed. Each antenna consists of three parts. Scape, pedicel and flagellum. The base of the antenna is the scape. Pedicel short and undivided. The flagellum is long and divided into 20-25 segments. Each segment contains sensory cells and neurons. Antennae sense touch, smell and sound waves. Dr. Siddiq Publications

The head of the moth is pointed downwards at the front end, so it is called hypognathus. The head is pear-shaped. The exoskeleton of the skull is called the head capsule or epicranium. It consists of six sections. However, in intact animals there is no sign of segments and appears to be a single structure. and . The dorsal triangular region of the skull is called the vertex, the posterior leaf-like portion is called the occiput, the frontal region is the frons, the lateral region is the gena, and the lower rectangular leaf is the clypeus. The appendages of the head are mentioned:
(i) Antenna: There are two sensitive antennae on either side of the head in front of the base. It is cylindrical, cylindrical, unbranched and multi-lobed. Each antenna consists of three parts. Scape, pedicel and flagellum. The base of the antenna is the scape. Pedicel short and undivided. The flagellum is long and divided into 20-25 segments. Each segment contains sensory cells and neurons. Antennae sense touch, smell and sound waves. Dr. Siddiq Publications
(ii) Compound eye: On either side of the head there are two pistils (black, convex, large) like acorns and seeds. Each punjakshi consists of numerous polygonal chambers. Each of these is called an ommatidium. Grasshoppers have better vision than any other arthropod. They can identify colors with their eyes.
(iii) Ocelli: There are three ocelli or ocelli between the two capitals. Each ocellus is composed of a lens and a cluster of photosensitive cells. Each lens is thick, clear and made up of cuticles. Sensory cells contain pigments. It contains coniagen cells, retinular cells, rhabdomes, pigmented cells and neurons. Grasshoppers sense changes in light intensity with the ocellus. Many people think that a single reflection is formed through this. Dr. Siddiq Publications
(iv) Mouth parts: The movable jointed appendages around the mouth are called mouthparts. The mouthparts of grasshoppers are called mandibular mouthparts because they are used for chewing young leaves. It consists of five parts. Labrum, mandible, maxilla, labium and hypopharynx.

Grasshoppers are large in size. They are 8-9 cm in length. Their bodies are long, smooth and bilaterally symmetrical. The color of the body is mostly yellowish-green (yellowish) or brown. However, some species are bright blue-yellow (Poekilocerus pictus). Because of their striped spots on their bodies, they easily blend in with the environment and escape from the enemy. The body of the grasshopper consists of three parts. Head, thorax and abdomen.
1. Head: The head of the moth is pointed downwards at the front end, so it is called hypognathus. The head is pear-shaped. The exoskeleton of the skull is called the head capsule or epicranium. It consists of six sections. However, in intact animals there is no sign of segments and appears to be a single structure. and . The dorsal triangular region of the skull is called the vertex, the posterior leaf-like portion is called the occiput, the frontal region is the frons, the lateral region is the gena, and the lower rectangular leaf is the clypeus. The appendages of the head are mentioned:
(i) Antenna: There are two sensitive antennae on either side of the head in front of the base. It is cylindrical, cylindrical, unbranched and multi-lobed. Each antenna consists of three parts. Scape, pedicel and flagellum. The base of the antenna is the scape. Pedicel short and undivided. The flagellum is long and divided into 20-25 segments. Each segment contains sensory cells and neurons. Antennae sense touch, smell and sound waves. Dr. Siddiq Publications
(ii) Compound eye: On either side of the head there are two pistils (black, convex, large) like acorns and seeds. Each punjakshi consists of numerous polygonal chambers. Each of these is called an ommatidium. Grasshoppers have better vision than any other arthropod. They can identify colors with their eyes.
(iii) Ocelli: There are three ocelli or ocelli between the two capitals. Each ocellus is composed of a lens and a cluster of photosensitive cells. Each lens is thick, clear and made up of cuticles. Sensory cells contain pigments. It contains coniagen cells, retinular cells, rhabdomes, pigmented cells and neurons. Grasshoppers sense changes in light intensity with the ocellus. Many people think that a single reflection is formed through this. Dr. Siddiq Publications
(iv) Mouth parts: The movable jointed appendages around the mouth are called mouthparts. The mouthparts of grasshoppers are called mandibular mouthparts because they are used for chewing young leaves. It consists of five parts. Labrum, mandible, maxilla, labium and hypopharynx.
2. Thorax: The posterior part of the mandible is called thorax. It is divided into three parts. Anterior thorax or prothorax, middle thorax or mesothorax and posterior thorax or metathorax. Each segment is covered by a cuticle made of chitin. It is called sclerite. The thoracic sclerite consists of three segments. Targum, pleuron and sternum. Dr. Siddiq Publications
(i) Targum: Dorsal sclerite of thorax is called targum. The thoracic targa are called notum. The targum of prothorax is called pronotum, the targum of mesothorax is called mesonotum and the targum of metathorax is called metanotum. Pronotum large, broad and elongated. The dorsal tergum consists of four sclerites. Prescutum, scutum, scutellum and postscutellum.
(ii) Pleuron: The lateral sclerite of thorax is called pleuron. Each lateral pleuron consists of three sclerites. Episternum, epimeron and parateron.
(iii) Sternum: The thoracic sclerite is called sternum. Sternum with a single sclerite. Dr. Siddique Publications
The appendages of the thoracic region of the grasshopper are mentioned.
(i) Spiracle: There are two pairs of spiracles in the thoracic region. There is a pair of spiracles between the anterior and middle thorax and another pair between the middle and posterior thorax. Air enters the body through it. Dr. Siddiq Publications
(ii) Wings: Grasshoppers have two pairs of wings in the thoracic region. Medial thoracic or forewing and hind thoracic or hind wing. The front wings are short, narrow and stiff. They do not help to fly. These only cover the hind wings. Hence their elytra or wing cover or tegmina. The hind wings are large, broad, translucent and curtain-like. They help to fly. At rest the hind wings are folded. Each wing is composed of numerous small ducts and blood-filled veins. They are called nerves. Dr. Siddiq Publications
(iii) Legs: The thoracic region has three pairs of walking legs. Moths are called hexapoda because they have six legs on their body. Each leg has five segments. Coxa, trochanter, femur, tibia and tarsus. Coxa stout and triangular. Trochanter is small and triangular. The femur is long, cylindrical and strong. The femur is large and fleshy. The tarsus is divided into three smaller segments. These segments are called tarsomere. At the junction of the two tarsomeres there is a velvety cushion called the plantula. The last segment of the tarsus is called the pretarsus. The tip of the pretarsus has a pair of curved claws. Between the claws is a soft, hairy cushion called the palvulus. Their leg femurs are long and fleshy which is useful for jumping. This type of foot is called saltatory foot.
3. Abdomen: The last part of grasshopper’s body is called abdomen. It is long, narrow, soft and scaly. Its abdomen is made up of 11 segments. On the surface of the abdomen is the targum and on the phalanges is the sternum. But there are not so many pleurons. Its first fragment is incomplete. It contains only the targum. Abdominal organs are:
(i) Tympanum: The first abdominal segment contains the auditory sac or tympanum. There is an oval tympanic membrane surrounding the eardrum.
(ii) Spiracle: There are 8 pairs of spiracles in each segment from the first to the eighth segment of the abdomen. Air enters the body through it.
(iii) Anus and Genitals: The ninth segment of the male has the subgenital plate, the 10th segment has the anal sac and the 11th supra-anal plate and anus. But there is no anal style. The 11th abdominal segment contains the anus and the anal plate. Female grasshopper- ninth segment contains egg-laying organ ovipositor. The ovipositor is composed of 4 smooth lobes. Dr. Siddiq Publications

1. The body of grasshopper is chitinous and divided into head, thorax and abdomen
2. The thorax consists of a pair of jointed legs and a pair of wings
3. Has a branched tracheal system
4. Exhales through the air ducts
5. Free circulatory system exists
6. Excretion is accomplished by the Malpighian duct

The branch of zoology which deals with Grasshoppers), Locust and Crickets is called Orthopterology.

Grasshopper found in Bangladesh
About 20,000 species of grasshoppers have been identified in the world. 20 species of grasshoppers have been found in Bangladesh.
1. Acrida exaltata
2. Aulacobothrus luteipes
3. Atractomorpha crenulata
4. Choroedocus robustus
5. Chondracris rosea
6. Cyrtacanthacris tatarica
7. Chrotogonus trachypterus
8. Eyprepocnemis rosea
9. Gastrimargus marmoratus
10. Gesonula punctifrons
11. Hieroglyphus banian
12. Oedaleus abruptus
13. Oxya fuscovittata
14. Phlaoba infumata
15. Poekilocerus pictus
16. Sphingonotus longipennis
17. Spathosternumprasiniferum
18. Trilophidia annulata
19. Xenocatantops humilis

Grasshoppers are diurnal and herbivorous insects. They live in tropical regions. Most of the time they run in groups. They gather in groups and eat the crops of the field. So they are called pests or locusts. Known locusts are – Schistocerca americana, Romalea microptera, Poekilocerus pictus etc.

Grasshoppers are herbivorous animals. Its main food is grass, leaves, grains etc. The nymph stage feeds on easily digestible grasses with tender branches. After shelling, the hard plant is eaten. They eat a variety of plants. Dr. Siddiq Publications