Born-21 May 1936 AD and Died-18 February 2018 AD. He is a German-American biologist. He explained how protein molecules continue the life cycle of cells and the movement of proteins through the cell wall or cell membrane. Awarded the Nobel Prize in Medicine (1999).

Born-12 September 1935 AD. He is an American medical scientist. Harvey Alter, Michael Houghton and Moen Rice explain liver cancer, cirrhosis and hepatitis-C virus. The award received is the Nobel Prize in Medicine (2020).

Born-18 August 1932 AD. He is a French virologist. Discovered in 1983 by scientists Barre Sinossi and Luc Montagnier. It has made the treatment of AIDS possible. Awards received include the Nobel Prize in Medicine (2008) and the Japan Prize.

Born-6 April 1928. He is an American molecular biologist. Watson and Crick discovered the double helix model of molecules in 1953. Researched the Genetic Code and Central Dogma. The awards received are Nobel in Medicine (1963), Albert Lasker Award, Member of the National Academy Sciences, EMBO Membership, Copley Medal, Lomonosov Gold Medal etc.

Born-27 September 1925 AD and died-10 April 2013 AD. He is a British biologist. In 1978, he fertilized the eggs outside the woman’s body through in-vitro fertilization in test tubes. He then gave birth to the first human child, Louise Brown, by reinsertion into a woman’s uterus. Awarded the Nobel Prize in Medicine (2010).

Born-23 June 1925 AD and Died-10 January 2017 AD. He is a British-born American geneticist and biochemist. Oliver Smithis, Renato Capecchi and John Evans researched mammalian embryonic cells and DNA recombination. Discovered powerful technology to target and inactivate specific genes. Received Nobel Prize in Medicine (2007), Wolf Prize in Medicine etc.

Born-9 January 1922 AD and Died-9 November 2011 AD. He was an Indian citizen. He is the inventor of artificial genes. He discovered the genetic code. Mentions the role of nucleotides in the chemical structure and function of cells. Synthetic copies of genes are synthesized in yeast cells. His book is Chemical Biology. Awarded Nobel in Medicine (1968), Girdner Foundation International Award, Louise Gross Horwitz Prize, Willard Gibbs Award, Padma Vibhushan etc.

Born-20 May 1918 and died-21 July 2004. He is an American scientist. He jointly identified and classified fruit fly genes. Discovered the regulation of genes in embryonic development. Awards received are Nobel in Medicine (1995), Albert Losker Award etc.

Born-8 June 1916 AD and died-28 July 2004 AD. He is a British molecular biologist, biophysicist and neuroscientist. Watson and Crick discovered the double helix model of the DNA molecule in 1953. Researched the Genetic Code and Central Dogma. Awards received include the Nobel Prize in Medicine (1963) and the Copley Medal.

Born-19 November 1915 AD and died-9 March 1974 AD. He is an American scientist. He discovered the mechanism by which signals are transmitted from one cell to another through hormones. Awarded the Nobel Prize in Medicine (1971) and the Albert Lasker Award.