Category: Biology Second Paper Lecture Sheet

Super malaria is a variant of highly drug resistant malaria. It has spread rapidly to Southeast Asian countries. This germ of malaria cannot be controlled by any medicine. The virus was first identified in Cambodia in 2008. Later, the virus spread to Vietnam, Laos and Thailand through mosquitoes. Malaria bacteria in Bangladesh have become resistant to chloroquine. Plasmodium falciparum has become resistant to artemisinin.
The research team of the Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit in Bangkok wrote and published in the journal Lancet Infectious Diseases that the control and elimination of fast-spreading super malaria is a major challenge for people in the world today.
This superbug strain of malaria has developed resistance to all drugs. It is a major threat to public health worldwide. About 700,000 people have died worldwide due to drug-resistant bacteria. The death toll will exceed several million by 2050 unless appropriate measures are taken.

1. At the end of zygogy, the merozoites break through the red blood cell wall and come out. This results in destruction of red blood cells and anemia.
2. Liver and spleen become inflamed or swollen in a malaria patient. In this condition, the production of red blood cells in the patient’s body is inhibited. Due to this, the patient becomes anemic.
3. Analytic substance called Lysolecithin is secreted from the spleen of malaria patients. All these substances destroy red blood cells. It causes anemia.
4. The malaria parasite produces a type of antibody called Heamolysin. These antibodies destroy healthy RBCs. The patient becomes anemic.
5. The patient has displeasure and reluctance to take food. It lacks nutrients and does not produce blood cells.

1. Malaria Fever: Human red blood cells secrete toxic substances called hemogenes during the erythrocytic zygogy cycle. Hemogenes cause body temperature to rise and fever with chills. It is called malarial fever. It is a deadly disease. It can cause the death of the patient.
2. Liver cell destruction: Malaria parasite sporozoites enter human liver cells through mosquito saliva. After entering the liver cells, the sporozoites take food and grow in size and transform into cryptozoites. The nucleus of the cryptozoite divides into numerous nuclei. It’s called Saigeant. Cytoplasm accumulates around each nucleus of the zygote to form a cryptomerozoite. Cryptomerozoites break through the hepatocyte wall and come out by destroying the hepatocytes.
Each cryptomerozoite formed invades new liver cells and enlarges by consuming food. Its nucleus divides to form numerous nuclei. It’s called a saizont. Cytoplasm accumulates around each nucleus of the zygote and metamorphoses into a metacryptomerozoite. When the metacryptomerozotes metamorphose, they break through the hepatocyte wall and come out by destroying the hepatocytes. In this way, liver destruction is obtained one after the other.
3. Destruction of red blood cells: Merozoites of the malaria parasite enter human red blood cells through plasma. After entering the red blood cells, the merozoites take food and grow in size and transform into trophozoites. The signet ring is formed from the trophozoite. The shape of the signet ring changes and takes on an indefinite shape like an amoeba. It is called amoeboid trophozoite. The amoeboid trophozoite then changes shape and becomes spherical. Its nucleus divides into numerous nuclei. This condition is called cysont. Cytoplasm accumulates around each nucleus of the zygote to form a merozoite. Merozoites are released by breaking the red blood cell wall and destroying the red blood cell. Each merozoite formed attacks and destroys red blood cells again. Thus the red blood cells are destroyed.
Liver cells and red blood cells are successively destroyed by the malaria parasite, leading to anemia in the host and eventual death of the host.

People should be made aware about the harmful aspects of malaria, its vectors and prevention. Extensive publicity should be done through radio, television, Facebook, YouTube, Twitter, newspapers etc. Leaflets, posters, banners etc. should be distributed in public and private ways.

The hormone that transforms the larva of an insect into a full-fledged moth is called juvenile hormone. It arises from the corpora allatra of the insect brain. In the absence of this hormone, larvae do not develop into full-fledged moths.

Successful homeopathic medicines in the treatment of malaria are – Arsenic Album, Chin-sulph, Rhustox, China, Heper sulph, Sulpher, Bryonia etc.

Scientists have claimed that the use of Artemisia plant as a herbal medicine brings success in controlling malaria.

Mosquirix, the world’s first anti-malaria vaccine, has been discovered. This is known as RTSS. The four-dose vaccine is capable of producing effective antibodies against Plasmodium falciparum. The vaccine was approved in 2019 after 30 years of research. The vaccine is being piloted in three African countries for the next three years. The vaccine was developed by GlaxoSmithKline in collaboration with the Malaria Vaccine Initiative with the support of the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation.

For the past 300 years, quinine-like medicine derived from the bark of Cinchona officinalis has been used as the only medicine for malaria. Synthetic allopathic drugs effective in malaria are Nivaquine, Chloroquine, Chemoquine, Paladrin, Aveloclor, Cefloquine, Halofantrine, Preimaquine, Fanmider, Mapacrine, Proganil, Mefloquine, Doxycycline, Malarone etc.

(i) Construction of houses on high ground.
(ii) Mosquito net should be used while sleeping.
(iii) Mosquito nets should be used on the doors, windows and ventilates of the house.
(iv) Repellents or creams should be used on exposed parts of the body.
(v) The house should be fumigated in the evening to repel mosquitoes.
(vi) Malaria patients should be kept under mosquito nets.
(vii) Use of mosquito coils, aerosols and incense.
(viii) Pyrethroids should be used on mosquito nets and bedding.