Category: Biology Second Paper

The word Biotechnology is formed from bios meaning life and technology meaning technology. Biotechnology means technology of life or biotechnology. Biotechnology is a modern and applied branch of science. Biotechnology is the method of making beneficial and usable goods for human beings by following and applying scientific and engineering principles through appropriate use of organisms. Since ancient times, people have been making curd and chickpeas from milk, fermented liquor from sugars, vinegar or alcohol from molasses, antibiotics from microorganisms, etc. At present, transgenic organisms, synthetic genes, polymerase chain etc. are being produced through gene technology. Because tissue culture is done entirely in a glass dish, it is called in-vitro culture.

A sprained patient must RICE.

RICE = Rest + Ice + Compression + Elevation

1. The sprained limb should be kept elevated.
2. Complete rest with crepe bandage for 2-3 weeks.
3. The sprained limb cannot be moved.
4. No massage can be used.
5. Ice the sprained area every 30 minutes for the first two days to reduce pain.
6. Applying warm compresses every two days to increase blood circulation.
7. Temporary plaster can be applied.
8. The first week should be walked with a stick or crutches.
9. An extra elastic bandage on the leg is good when walking.
10. The patient should take Aspirin or Diclofenac tablets on a full stomach to reduce pain.

1. Abnormal swelling.
2. severe pain
3. Pain increases with limb movement.
4. Fibrous damage occurs at the site of injury.
5. The affected area turns black.
6. Bleeding occurs when the ligament tears.
7. Muscle spasms occur.
8. Difficulty walking.

When abnormal force is applied to the joint, the ligament is overstretched and the bone sprains.

Sprain is a condition that occurs when the fibers or nerves around the bone joint are damaged due to injury.

Causes of Sprain: When abnormal force is applied to the joint, the ligament is overstretched and the bone sprains.

Symptoms of sprains
1. Abnormal swelling.
2. severe pain
3. Pain increases with limb movement.
4. Fibrous damage occurs at the site of injury.
5. The affected area turns black.
6. Bleeding occurs when the ligament tears.
7. Muscle spasms occur.
8. Difficulty walking.

Treatment of sprains
A sprained patient must RICE.
RICE = Rest + Ice + Compression + Elevation
1. The sprained limb should be kept elevated.
2. Complete rest with crepe bandage for 2-3 weeks.
3. The sprained limb cannot be moved.
4. No massage can be used.
5. Ice the sprained area every 30 minutes for the first two days to reduce pain.
6. Applying warm compresses every two days to increase blood circulation.
7. Temporary plaster can be applied.
8. The first week should be walked with a stick or crutches.
9. An extra elastic bandage on the leg is good when walking.
10. The patient should take Aspirin or Diclofenac tablets on a full stomach to reduce pain.

1. The dislocation site becomes painful and swollen.
2. Body parts are disabled.
3. Deviated bones may protrude.
4. Dislocation of the shoulder and hip cannot move the arms and legs.
5. Hand can’t work if fingers are dislocated.

There are four types of dislocation.

1. Congenital malformations: Many babies are born with malformations.
2. Dislocations due to disease: Dislocations can be caused by various diseases.
3. Rheumatic dislocations: Loss of muscle balance due to arthritis can lead to dislocations.
4. Traumatic Dislocation: Dislocation occurs due to accident or any other reason.

When the bones forming the joint are moved due to injury or any other reason, it is called joint displacement or luxation. Bone dislocations occur due to road accidents, falls, sports, injuries etc. Ankylosing spondylitis is diagnosed by X-ray.

When the bones forming the joint are moved due to injury or any other reason, it is called joint displacement or luxation. Bone dislocations occur due to road accidents, falls, sports, injuries etc. Ankylosing spondylitis is diagnosed by X-ray.

Types of dislocations
There are four types of dislocation.
1. Congenital malformations: Many babies are born with malformations.
2. Dislocations due to disease: Dislocations can be caused by various diseases.
3. Rheumatic dislocations: Loss of muscle balance due to arthritis can lead to dislocations.
4. Traumatic Dislocation: Dislocation occurs due to accident or any other reason.

Symptoms of bone dislocation
1. The dislocation site becomes painful and swollen.
2. Body parts are disabled.
3. Deviated bones may protrude.
4. Dislocation of the shoulder and hip cannot move the arms and legs.
5. Hand can’t work if fingers are dislocated.

1. The patient may lose consciousness, stop moving or breathing.
2. Painful swelling or bleeding may occur.
3. Hands, feet or joints may be deformed.
4. Physical growth of the child may be stunted.
5. Flesh and skin may tear and bones may come out.
6. The affected area may become numb or bluish in color.
7. Brain, lungs, liver, heart etc. can get injured.